One of the main goals of wasm-bindgen is to allow working with and passing around JS objects in wasm, but that's not allowed today! While indeed true, that's where the polyfill comes in.

The question here is how we shoehorn JS objects into a u32 for Wasm to use. The current strategy for this approach is to maintain a module-local variable in the generated foo.js file: a heap.

The first slots in the heap in foo.js are considered a stack. This stack, like typical program execution stacks, grows down. JS objects are pushed on the bottom of the stack, and their index in the stack is the identifier that's passed to wasm. A stack pointer is maintained to figure out where the next item is pushed.

JS objects are then only removed from the bottom of the stack as well. Removal is simply storing null then incrementing a counter. Because of the "stack-y" nature of this scheme it only works for when Wasm doesn't hold onto a JS object (aka it only gets a "reference" in Rust parlance).

Let's take a look at an example.

# #![allow(unused_variables)]
#fn main() {
// foo.rs
#[wasm_bindgen]
pub fn foo(a: &JsValue) {
    // ...
}
#}

Here we're using the special JsValue type from the wasm-bindgen library itself. Our exported function, foo, takes a reference to an object. This notably means that it can't persist the object past the lifetime of this function call.

Now what we actually want to generate is a JS module that looks like (in TypeScript parlance)

// foo.d.ts
export function foo(a: any);

and what we actually generate looks something like:

// foo.js
import * as wasm from './foo_bg';

const heap = new Array(32);
heap.push(undefined, null, true, false);
let stack_pointer = 32;

function addBorrowedObject(obj) {
  stack_pointer -= 1;
  heap[stack_pointer] = obj;
  return stack_pointer;
}

export function foo(arg0) {
  const idx0 = addBorrowedObject(arg0);
  try {
    wasm.foo(idx0);
  } finally {
    heap[stack_pointer++] = undefined;
  }
}

Here we can see a few notable points of action:

• The Wasm file was renamed to foo_bg.wasm, and we can see how the JS module generated here is importing from the Wasm file.
• Next we can see our heap module variable which is to store all JS values reference-able from wasm.
• Our exported function foo, takes an arbitrary argument, arg0, which is converted to an index with the addBorrowedObject object function. The index is then passed to Wasm so Wasm can operate with it.
• Finally, we have a finally which frees the stack slot as it's no longer used, popping the value that was pushed at the start of the function.

It's also helpful to dig into the Rust side of things to see what's going on there! Let's take a look at the code that #[wasm_bindgen] generates in Rust:

# #![allow(unused_variables)]
#fn main() {
// what the user wrote
pub fn foo(a: &JsValue) {
    // ...
}

#[export_name = "foo"]
pub extern "C" fn __wasm_bindgen_generated_foo(arg0: u32) {
    let arg0 = unsafe {
        ManuallyDrop::new(JsValue::__from_idx(arg0))
    };
    let arg0 = &*arg0;
    foo(arg0);
}
#}

And as with the JS, the notable points here are:

• The original function, foo, is unmodified in the output
• A generated function here (with a unique name) is the one that's actually exported from the Wasm module
• Our generated function takes an integer argument (our index) and then wraps it in a JsValue. There's some trickery here that's not worth going into just yet, but we'll see in a bit what's happening under the hood.

The above strategy is useful when JS objects are only temporarily used in Rust, for example only during one function call. Sometimes, though, objects may have a dynamic lifetime or otherwise need to be stored on Rust's heap. To cope with this there's a second half of management of JS objects, naturally corresponding to the other side of the JS heap array.

JS Objects passed to Wasm that are not references are assumed to have a dynamic lifetime inside of the Wasm module. As a result the strict push/pop of the stack won't work and we need more permanent storage for the JS objects. To cope with this we build our own "slab allocator" of sorts.

A picture (or code) is worth a thousand words so let's show what happens with an example.

# #![allow(unused_variables)]
#fn main() {
// foo.rs
#[wasm_bindgen]
pub fn foo(a: JsValue) {
    // ...
}
#}

Note that the & is missing in front of the JsValue we had before, and in Rust parlance this means it's taking ownership of the JS value. The exported ES module interface is the same as before, but the ownership mechanics are slightly different. Let's see the generated JS's slab in action:

import * as wasm from './foo_bg'; // imports from Wasm file

const heap = new Array(32);
heap.push(undefined, null, true, false);
let heap_next = 36;

function addHeapObject(obj) {
  if (heap_next === heap.length)
    heap.push(heap.length + 1);
  const idx = heap_next;
  heap_next = heap[idx];
  heap[idx] = obj;
  return idx;
}

export function foo(arg0) {
  const idx0 = addHeapObject(arg0);
  wasm.foo(idx0);
}

export function __wbindgen_object_drop_ref(idx) {
  heap[idx ] = heap_next;
  heap_next = idx;
}

Unlike before we're now calling addHeapObject on the argument to foo rather than addBorrowedObject. This function will use heap and heap_next as a slab allocator to acquire a slot to store the object, placing a structure there once it's found. Note that this is going on the right-half of the array, unlike the stack which resides on the left half. This discipline mirrors the stack/heap in normal programs, roughly.

Another curious aspect of this generated module is the __wbindgen_object_drop_ref function. This is one that's actually imported to wasm rather than used in this module! This function is used to signal the end of the lifetime of a JsValue in Rust, or in other words when it goes out of scope. Otherwise though this function is largely just a general "slab free" implementation.

And finally, let's take a look at the Rust generated again too:

# #![allow(unused_variables)]
#fn main() {
// what the user wrote
pub fn foo(a: JsValue) {
    // ...
}

#[export_name = "foo"]
pub extern "C" fn __wasm_bindgen_generated_foo(arg0: u32) {
    let arg0 = unsafe {
        JsValue::__from_idx(arg0)
    };
    foo(arg0);
}
#}

Ah that looks much more familiar! Not much interesting is happening here, so let's move on to...

Currently the JsValue struct is actually quite simple in Rust, it's:

# #![allow(unused_variables)]
#fn main() {
pub struct JsValue {
    idx: u32,
}

// "private" constructors

impl Drop for JsValue {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        unsafe {
            __wbindgen_object_drop_ref(self.idx);
        }
    }
}
#}

Or in other words it's a newtype wrapper around a u32, the index that we're passed from wasm. The destructor here is where the __wbindgen_object_drop_ref function is called to relinquish our reference count of the JS object, freeing up our slot in the slab that we saw above.

If you'll recall as well, when we took &JsValue above we generated a wrapper of ManuallyDrop around the local binding, and that's because we wanted to avoid invoking this destructor when the object comes from the stack.

The above explanations are pretty close to what happens today, but in reality there's a few differences especially around handling constant values like undefined, null, etc. Be sure to check out the actual generated JS and the generation code for the full details!