When using wasm within a JS host, importing and exporting functions from the Rust side is straightforward: it works very similarly to C.

WebAssembly modules declare a sequence of imports, each with a module name and an import name. The module name for an extern { ... } block can be specified using #[link(wasm_import_module)], currently it defaults to "env".

Exports have only a single name. In addition to any extern functions the WebAssembly instance's default linear memory is exported as "memory".

# #![allow(unused_variables)]
#fn main() {
// import a JS function called `foo` from the module `mod`
#[link(wasm_import_module = "mod")]
extern { fn foo(); }

// export a Rust function called `bar`
#[no_mangle]
pub extern fn bar() { /* ... */ }
#}

Because of wasm's limited value types, these functions must operate only on primitive numeric types.

Within JS, a wasm binary turns into an ES6 module. It must be instantiated with linear memory and have a set of JS functions matching the expected imports. The details of instantiation are available on MDN.

The resulting ES6 module will contain all of the functions exported from Rust, now available as JS functions.

Here is a very simple example of the whole setup in action.

When using wasm within JS, there is a sharp split between the wasm module's memory and the JS memory:

• Each wasm module has a linear memory (described at the top of this document), which is initialized during instantiation. JS code can freely read and write to this memory.

• By contrast, wasm code has no direct access to JS objects.

Thus, sophisticated interop happens in two main ways:

• Copying in or out binary data to the wasm memory. For example, this is one way to provide an owned String to the Rust side.

• Setting up an explicit "heap" of JS objects which are then given "addresses". This allows wasm code to refer to JS objects indirectly (using integers), and operate on those objects by invoking imported JS functions.

Fortunately, this interop story is very amenable to treatment through a generic "bindgen"-style framework: wasm-bindgen. The framework makes it possible to write idiomatic Rust function signatures that map to idiomatic JS functions, automatically.

Custom sections allow embedding named arbitrary data into a wasm module. The section data is set at compile time and is read directly from the wasm module, it cannot be modified at runtime.

In Rust, custom sections are static arrays ([T; size]) exposed with the #[link_section] attribute:

# #![allow(unused_variables)]
#fn main() {
#[link_section = "hello"]
pub static SECTION: [u8; 24] = *b"This is a custom section";
#}

This adds a custom section named hello to the wasm file, the rust variable name SECTION is arbitrary, changing it wouldn't alter the behaviour. The contents are bytes of text here but could be any arbitrary data.

The custom sections can be read on the JS side using the WebAssembly.Module.customSections function, it takes a wasm Module and the section name as arguments and returns an Array of ArrayBuffers. Multiple sections may be specified using the same name, in which case they will all appear in this array.

WebAssembly.compileStreaming(fetch("sections.wasm"))
.then(mod => {
  const sections = WebAssembly.Module.customSections(mod, "hello");

  const decoder = new TextDecoder();
  const text = decoder.decode(sections[0]);

  console.log(text); // -> "This is a custom section"
});